Urethral reconstruction or urethroplasty surgery is performed to repair or replace your urethra.

Why Do You Need a Urethroplasty?

You may need a urethroplasty if you have:

• Urethral stricture may cause narrowing of the urethra.
• Epispadias or hypospadias, are congenital conditions that cause blockages in the urethra.
• Had gender affirmation surgery.

What are the Risks Associated with Urethroplasty?

Like any other surgical procedure, urethroplasty may also show certain risks:

• Pain in the scrotum.
• Leakage of urine or semen from your penis.
• Erectile dysfunction.
• Nerve injury to legs, feet, or elbows.

What Happens During a Urethroplasty?

During the procedure, your urosurgeon will cut some muscle tissue either on the underside of your penis or in your scrotum to reach the urethra. Upon reaching the location, it will either be removed or rebuilt depending on its length.

What Happens After a Urethroplasty?

After the procedure, you may be required to stay in the hospital for a day or two or go home the same day. Complete recovery will take about two to three weeks.

Penile reconstruction or phalloplasty is a surgery to construct a new functional penis.

Why Do You Need a Phalloplasty?

You may need phalloplasty for conditions, including:

• Aphalia is a condition when you are born without a penis.
• Epispadias is a condition when your urine exits the body from the top of the penis instead of the tip.
• Hypospadias.
• Micropenis.
• Car accidents.
• 6. Penile fracture due to an accident.

What Happens During a Phalloplasty?

During the procedure, a surgeon will take a section of your skin and tissue from another area of the body. After rolling it in the form of a penis, this will be attached to a groin.

It may also include additional procedures, including:

• Extend the urethra so that you can urinate while standing.
• Remove the female genitalia for patients undergoing transgender surgery.
• Implant a penile device to enable erections.
• Insert artificial testicles into the scrotum.

What Are the Risks Associated with Phalloplasty?

Similar to other surgical procedures, a phalloplasty may also cause:

• Infection.
• Urinary fistula.
• Urethral stricture or inadequate blood flow to the penis.
• Partial phallic loss or when the new penis does not maintain enough blood flow and cannot survive. 

Bladder augmentation or cystoplasty is a procedure to enlarge your bladder with a small section of either the small intestine or large intestine.

Why Do You Need a Cystoplasty?

You may need cystoplasty for:

• Leakage of urine.
• Loss of bladder capacity.
• Bladder stiffness.
• The inability of bladder muscles to work properly.

What Happens During a Cystoplasty?

During the procedure, your surgeon will:

• Make an incision on your abdomen.
• Create an opening at the top of your bladder.
• Remove a section of your small or large intestine.
• Cut open bowel link.
• Attach it to the top of your bladder.
• Connect your bladder and bowel to enlarge the bladder.

The entire procedure may take more than 6 hours and a lot of tubes may be attached to your abdomen and bladder to wash out the excess mucous.

What Happens After a Cystoplasty?

After the procedure, you may be required to stay in the hospital for 5-7 days. The tubes will be intact in your abdomen and bladder to drain abdominal and pelvis fluid.

What Are the Risks Associated with a Cystoplasty?

Every surgery involves a certain level of risk, a cystoplasty may also lead to:

• Healing problems.
• Infection.
• Blood clot or haematoma.
• Bruising.
• Swelling.
• Hernia formation.

Urinary diversion or urinary reconstruction is a surgical procedure to create another way to pass your urine. This is done by disconnecting a small portion of the small or large intestine from the faecal stream and used for reconstruction.

What Happens During an Urinary Diversion?

Depending on your condition, your surgery may perform the surgery in one of the three ways:

• Ileal conduit urinary diversion

During this procedure, a part of the intestine will direct urine through a stoma into an external collecting bag.

• Indiana pouch reservoir

During this procedure, a pouch will be made with a portion of the intestine to store urine until drained via a catheter.

• Neobladder-to-urethra diversion

During this procedure, the intestine is made into a reservoir and connected to the urethra to function as a urinary bladder.

What Happens After an Urinary Diversion?

After the procedure, you will be moved to a recovery room. You will be required to stay in the hospital for 2-3 days. It may take you around one or two months to get back to your normal routine.