Hypospadias repair is a surgical procedure to repair hypospadias. Hypospadias is a congenital condition in which your urethra does not properly develop in your penis. In this condition, the opening of your penis may form either near the head of the penis, along the penis shaft, or where the penis and scrotum meet.

What Happens During Hypospadias Repair?

During the procedure, a paediatric surgeon will first give anaesthesia to your child. Once anaesthesia sets in, the surgeon will:

• Use a sharp knife to remove a part of your child’s foreskin.
• Use the foreskin to create a tube and attach it to your child’s urethra to make it longer.

What Happens After Hypospadias Repair?

After the procedure, your child will be moved to a recovery room and monitored. You must take your child home the same day of the surgery.

An orchioplexy refers to a surgery to move testicles from your groin to your scrotum.

Why Do You Need an Orchiopexy?

Your child may need an orchiopexy if they have:

•  Undescended testicles.
•  Testicular torsion which cuts off blood flow to the testicles.

What Happens During an Orchiopexy?

During the procedure, your paediatric surgeon will give anaesthesia to your child. Once the anaesthesia sets in, the surgeon will make a small incision on your child’s groin and locate the undescended testicles and the spermatic cord.

The surgeon will examine the groin and repair the testicles and spermatic cord. Next, a small incision will be made in the scrotum to make a pocket for testicles, gently put the undescended testicles in the pocket, and close the incision with stitches.

What Happens After an Orchiopexy?

After the procedure, your child will be moved to a recovery room and monitored for 2 hours before sending you home.

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) refers to a condition during which the urine flows in the wrong direction. Instead of the urine flowing from the kidneys down to the bladder, the urine flows backwards from your bladder.

What Are the Symptoms of VUR?

If your child has VUR, he may not show any symptoms initially. The common symptoms afterwards include:

• Burning or pain while peeing.
• Frequent peeing.
• Pain in the abdomen or lower back.
• Cloudy urine.

What Are the Risks Associated with VUR?

Risks or complications of VUR in children include:

• Urinary tract infection.
• Bladder problems.
• High blood pressure.
• Kidney scarring or kidney damage.

How is VUR Treated?

The treatment of VUR will depend on what is the best choice for your child. The treatment will include:

• Primary VUR Treatment

Primary treatment by the age of 5 may involve surgery and medications. The surgery will be aimed at fixing the connection point between the bladder and ureters to prevent urine from flowing backwards.

• Secondary VUR Treatment

Secondary VUR treatment includes removing the blockage or improving how the bladder empties. The treatment may include surgery, catheterization, and medications.

Epispadias is a rare birth defect in which the urethra of a child is not completely developed. If your child is having epispadias, his opening of the urethra may not be at the correct place

How is Epispadias Treated?

Surgery is the cornerstone of epispadias treatment. Depending on your child’s condition, the surgery will involve two approaches:

• Modified Cantwell-Ransley Technique: During this procedure, the surgeon will rebuild the penis by partially reconstructing the penis and moving the urethra to a better location.

• Mitchell Technique: During this procedure, the surgeon will completely reconstruct the penis. What Happens After the Surgery? The recovery after the surgery will depend on the complexity of the repair. Children with minor surgery will recover quickly and children with critical surgery may take longer time to recover.

What Happens After the Surgery?

The recovery after the surgery will depend on the complexity of the repair. Children with minor surgery will recover quickly and children with critical surgery may take longer time to recover.

Ureteral reimplantation refers to a surgical procedure that is used to fix the tubes connecting the bladder to the kidneys.

What is Ureteral Reimplantation?

Ureteral reimplantation surgery is used to treat urine reflux, a condition in which urine from the bladder flows back into the kidneys through the tubes connecting the kidneys and bladder.

What Happens During Ureteral Reimplantation?

During the procedure, a paediatric surgeon will:

• Give anaesthesia to your child.
• Make an incision in the lower part of the abdomen just above the pubic bone.
• Reimplant the ureter into the bladder and cover the incision with dissolvable stitches.

What Happens After Ureteral Reimplantation?

After the procedure, your child will be moved to a recovery room. The doctor will monitor the vitals and may be required to stay in the hospital for one or two days.

Circumcision refers to a procedure that removes the foreskin covering the head of the penis.

What Does a Circumcision Do?

A circumcision exposes the head of the penis. Although it started as a religious site, it is now being performed for various medical, religious, and cultural reasons.

What Are the Risks Associated with Circumcision?

Circumcision is a safe procedure but may also involve certain risks, including:

• Bleeding.
• Infection.
• Pain.
• Cutting the foreskin too long or too short.
• Inflammation or irritation at the tip of the penis.

What Happens During a Circumcision?

During the procedure, your doctor will give you anaesthesia, clean the penis, separate the foreskin from the head of the penis, and suture the area.